WATCHMAN : IVORY
FIELD DENTISTRY  ·  GRID DOWN READY  ·  MODULE 10
COMMAND SUITE
MODULE 01  ·  IVORY
Examination & Diagnosis
Systematic protocol for identifying which tooth is the problem and whether it is salvageable.

In a grid-down scenario, correct diagnosis is everything. Treating the wrong tooth wastes supplies and patient tolerance. This module walks through the examination sequence — chief complaint, visual inspection, percussion, thermal testing, and charting — so you identify the problem tooth before you touch an instrument. Primary references: Murray Dickson's Where There Is No Dentist and the Special Operations Forces Medical Handbook dental protocols.

01
Chief Complaint
Ask the patient to describe the pain in their own words. Location — which side, upper or lower? Character — sharp, dull, throbbing, constant, or only with pressure or temperature? Duration — when did it start, is it getting worse? Triggers — does hot, cold, biting, or lying down make it worse? Previous episodes — has this tooth been treated before?
02
Visual Inspection
Use a headlamp and dental mirror. Look for: visible cavities (dark spots on biting surfaces or between teeth), cracked or fractured teeth, broken fillings, gum swelling or redness localized to one area, sinus tract (a small pimple on the gum — indicates chronic abscess draining), and discoloration (grey or dark tooth suggests pulp death).
03
Percussion Test
Tap lightly on the biting surface of each tooth in the suspect area using the handle of an instrument or a tongue depressor. A normal tooth produces a dull thud. A tooth with periodontal involvement or abscess produces sharp pain on percussion. This is your single most reliable indicator of which tooth is the source. Tap multiple teeth and compare — the patient's reaction is your guide.
04
Thermal Testing
A healthy tooth responds to cold with brief, immediate pain that resolves within seconds. A tooth with irreversible pulpitis responds to cold with pain that lingers 15–30 seconds after the stimulus is removed — this tooth needs extraction or will abscess. A tooth that does not respond to cold at all may have a dead pulp (necrotic) — already gone or abscessing at the root. Use a small ice chip wrapped in gauze as your cold stimulus.
05
Chart and Record
Record the tooth number (use standard dental numbering 1–32), the diagnosis, and your planned treatment before you begin. Document in the Treatment Log (Module 08). This creates a record for follow-up, tracks outcomes, and ensures you do not confuse teeth if the patient returns.
Brief cold sensitivity, no spontaneous pain, responds to percussion slightly or not at all. Cause is usually a cavity or cracked enamel that has not yet reached the pulp. Treatment: temporary or permanent restoration. Tooth is salvageable.
Spontaneous throbbing pain, lingering cold sensitivity (15+ seconds), moderate percussion response. Pulp is inflamed beyond recovery. Treatment: extraction is the field-realistic option. Will abscess without treatment.
No cold response (pulp dead), severe percussion pain, possible swelling, possible sinus tract on gum. Infection present at root tip. Treatment: extraction + antibiotics. Monitor for spreading infection.
Pain on biting, localized gum swelling alongside the tooth (not at the apex), tooth may be mobile. Infection is in the gum pocket, not the pulp. Treatment: drainage, irrigation, antibiotics. Tooth may or may not be salvageable.
MODULE 02  ·  IVORY
Local Anesthesia
Nerve block techniques for the upper and lower jaw — so procedures can be performed without unnecessary suffering.

ALLERGY CHECK REQUIRED: Always ask about allergy to local anesthetics before injection. Ask specifically about reaction to dental injections in the past — not just general drug allergies. If allergy is present or suspected, do not inject. Proceed with maximum non-injectable pain control and consider whether the procedure can be delayed.

Two nerve blocks cover the vast majority of field dental procedures. The inferior alveolar nerve block anesthetizes all lower teeth on one side plus the lower lip and chin. The posterior superior alveolar block anesthetizes upper molars. Infiltration injections handle upper front teeth. Lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine is the standard agent — the epinephrine prolongs effect and reduces bleeding. Without epinephrine, duration is significantly shorter.

01
Landmark Identification
Have the patient open wide. Place your thumb on the coronoid notch — the deepest concavity on the anterior border of the ramus felt from inside the mouth. Your thumb nail should bisect the occlusal plane (the biting surfaces of the lower teeth). The injection site is at the height of your thumbnail, 1cm medial (toward the middle) from the anterior border of the ramus.
02
Needle Approach
Approach from the opposite side of the mouth — if blocking the right side, the syringe barrel crosses over the lower left premolars. Insert the needle at the injection point at the height of the thumbnail. Advance slowly, parallel to the occlusal plane, until you contact bone (approximately 20–25mm). If you hit bone before 20mm, you are too far anterior — withdraw slightly and redirect slightly posterior.
03
Aspiration and Injection
Before injecting, aspirate (pull back slightly on the plunger). If blood appears in the cartridge, you are in a blood vessel — withdraw, reposition, and re-aspirate before injecting. If aspiration is negative, deposit 1.5–1.8mL slowly over 60 seconds. Slow injection reduces patient discomfort significantly. Onset is 3–5 minutes. Success is confirmed when the patient reports tingling or numbness of the lower lip and chin on that side.
04
Lingual Nerve Block (concurrent)
As you withdraw from the inferior alveolar injection, deposit a small amount (0.5mL) approximately halfway out. This blocks the lingual nerve, anesthetizing the tongue and floor of mouth on that side — important for lower extractions where lingual tissue may be involved.
01
Supraperiosteal Infiltration (Upper Front Teeth)
Upper incisors and canines are easily blocked with a simple infiltration injection. Insert the needle at the height of the mucobuccal fold (where the cheek meets the gum) above the tooth root apex. Angle at 45 degrees toward the bone. Deposit 1–1.5mL slowly. Onset is 2–3 minutes. This works well for upper front teeth because the bone is thin and the anesthetic diffuses through easily.
02
Posterior Superior Alveolar Block (Upper Molars)
Retract the cheek. Insert needle at the mucobuccal fold at the level of the upper second molar. Angle 45 degrees upward and 45 degrees toward the midline, advancing 16mm. Aspirate — this area is highly vascular. Deposit 1.5–1.8mL slowly. Blocks upper second and third molars reliably. Upper first molar often requires supplemental infiltration at the mesiobuccal root.
Lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. Duration: 60–90 min pulpal anesthesia, 3–5 hours soft tissue. Maximum dose: 4.4mg/kg body weight (7 cartridges for average adult).
Plain lidocaine 2%. Duration drops to 30–45 minutes pulpal. Use when epinephrine is contraindicated (uncontrolled hypertension, severe cardiac disease). Extraction procedures will likely require re-injection.
Wait 10 full minutes before concluding failure. If still inadequate, a second injection slightly more posterior usually succeeds. Intraligamentary injection (needle into the periodontal ligament) provides immediate supplemental anesthesia when block is incomplete.
Metallic taste, perioral numbness, ringing in ears, confusion, seizure. Lay patient flat, establish airway, monitor. Due to intravascular injection — aspiration before every injection is essential.
MODULE 03  ·  IVORY
Temporary Restorations
Cement filling technique to seal cavities and fractured teeth and buy time.

A temporary restoration does two things: relieves sensitivity by sealing exposed dentin, and prevents progression by blocking bacteria from reaching or advancing toward the pulp. In a grid-down scenario, a well-placed temporary restoration can keep a tooth functional for months. The most field-practical material is zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) cement — it is soothing to the pulp, antibacterial, and easy to mix and place without electricity.

01
Anesthetize if Needed
For shallow cavities, the tooth may not need anesthesia — the patient will tell you. For deeper cavities approaching the pulp, anesthetize first. Attempting cavity preparation on a sensitive tooth without anesthesia is unnecessary suffering and produces poor results because the patient cannot keep still.
02
Remove Loose Decay
Use a spoon excavator (a small hand instrument with a curved blade) to remove soft, loose decay. You do not need a drill. Remove all soft, discolored material until you reach firm tooth structure. Do not excavate aggressively near the pulp — leaving a thin layer of firm, stained dentin over the pulp is acceptable and safer than perforating into it.
03
Dry the Cavity
Cotton pellets or gauze to absorb moisture. The cavity must be reasonably dry for the cement to bond and set properly. Do not use air to dry if the tooth is sensitive — it will be painful and may drive bacteria deeper.
01
Mix the Cement
Dispense equal amounts of ZOE powder and liquid on a mixing pad. Incorporate the powder into the liquid in small increments, mixing in a figure-8 motion. Correct consistency for a temporary filling is a stiff putty — it holds its shape when rolled into a ball and does not stick to a dry gloved finger. For a base under a deeper restoration, a slightly thinner consistency (toothpaste-like) is appropriate.
02
Place the Cement
Use a plastic instrument or the flat end of a spoon excavator to carry the mixed cement to the cavity and pack it in. Overfill slightly — the excess will be removed. Adapt the cement into the cavity walls and corners. Work before the cement begins to set (typically 2–3 minutes working time).
03
Shape and Carve
Before the cement hardens fully, remove the excess from the biting surface and carve the restoration to approximate the natural tooth anatomy. The most critical point: the patient must be able to close their teeth together comfortably. A high bite (restoration too tall) causes significant post-operative pain and can damage the opposing tooth. Have the patient close carefully and mark any high spots by the feel of uneven pressure, then reduce.
04
Post-Op Instructions
Do not eat on that side for one hour while the cement fully hardens. Soft foods only for 24 hours. If the bite feels high when the anesthetic wears off, return to have it adjusted — do not leave a high bite. ZOE restorations are not permanent and will need replacement or definitive treatment when available. Duration in function: weeks to months depending on cavity size and occlusal forces.

For fractured teeth with exposed dentin (sensitivity to air and cold but no spontaneous pain), the treatment is the same — dry the exposed area and seal with ZOE cement. For fractured teeth with exposed pulp (a tiny pink dot visible in the fracture — the patient has severe pain to any stimulus), seal with ZOE immediately as a palliative measure and plan for extraction. A pulp exposure in a grid-down setting has no field-viable treatment other than extraction.

MODULE 04  ·  IVORY
Abscess & Infection
Recognition, drainage, antibiotic selection, and when spreading infection has become an airway emergency.

AIRWAY THREAT — KNOW THESE SIGNS: Difficulty swallowing, difficulty opening the mouth (trismus), swelling extending to the floor of the mouth or the neck, fever above 101°F, the patient appears systemically ill (chills, rapid pulse, sweating). These indicate spreading infection — Ludwig's angina or deep space infection. This is a life-threatening emergency. Immediate extraction of the source tooth, high-dose IV antibiotics if available, and evacuation to surgical care if possible.

Severe throbbing pain, tooth extremely tender to percussion, possible swelling of the face or jaw on the affected side. The abscess is at the root apex. Tooth has irreversible pulpitis or necrotic pulp. Requires extraction + antibiotics.
Small pimple-like bump on the gum, may have minimal or no pain because the infection is draining. The sinus tract is the body's pressure relief valve. Still requires extraction — infection is ongoing even without severe pain. Closes after extraction.
Localized swelling that feels soft and fluid-filled when pressed. Pus has collected and is ready to drain. This can and should be drained — it will provide immediate pain relief. Then extract the source tooth.
Diffuse firm swelling — no soft spot. Infection is spreading through tissue but has not yet localized into a collectable abscess. Antibiotics first to localize the infection. Extraction of source tooth. Do not incise cellulitis — there is nothing to drain and it spreads bacteria.
01
Anesthetize Around (Not Through) the Abscess
Never inject directly into infected tissue — it is ineffective (acidic pH of infected tissue neutralizes the anesthetic) and spreads bacteria. Instead, block the nerve supplying the area. For mandibular teeth, inferior alveolar block. For maxillary teeth, regional infiltration away from the swollen area. Topical anesthetic on the mucosa before injecting also helps.
02
Incise and Drain
Using a #15 scalpel blade or the tip of an 18-gauge needle, make a 1cm incision at the most dependent point of the fluctuant swelling — where gravity would cause pus to collect. The incision should be through the mucosa into the abscess cavity. Pus will evacuate. Do not squeeze or express — allow it to drain passively. Large quantities of pus indicate a well-established abscess.
03
Irrigate the Cavity
Irrigate the abscess cavity with saline or dilute chlorhexidine solution using a blunt-tipped syringe. This flushes debris and bacteria from the space. Continue until the return is clear.
04
Place Drain If Needed
For large abscesses, place a small piece of penrose drain or a strip of rubber dam through the incision and suture one end loosely to the mucosal edge. This keeps the incision from closing prematurely while the cavity continues to drain. Remove after 24–48 hours. Extract the source tooth as soon as the patient's condition allows — typically 24–48 hours after drainage.
Amoxicillin 500mg — 3x daily for 5–7 days. Covers oral streptococci and most dental pathogens. First choice unless allergy present.
Clindamycin 300mg — 3x daily for 5–7 days. Excellent coverage of dental anaerobes. Note: C. difficile risk with prolonged use.
Amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin) 875mg — 2x daily. Broader coverage including beta-lactamase producing anaerobes. Use when initial antibiotic is failing or infection is aggressive.
Antibiotics treat the systemic component of infection. They do not resolve the source. The tooth must be extracted. A patient who improves on antibiotics and refuses extraction will relapse when the course ends.
MODULE 05  ·  IVORY
Extraction Protocol
Full step-by-step extraction protocol — instrument technique, socket management, and post-extraction care.

Extraction is the definitive field treatment for irreversible pulpitis, necrotic teeth, and unresolvable abscesses. Done correctly, it is a safe and effective procedure. Done incorrectly — inadequate anesthesia, wrong instrument technique, or failure to manage the socket — it creates complications that are far worse than the original tooth. Take your time. Adequate anesthesia is not optional.

☐  Correct tooth confirmed by percussion and patient agreement
☐  Anesthesia administered and confirmed (lip/tongue numb, no pain to instrument pressure)
☐  Minimum 10 minutes wait after injection before beginning
☐  Patient seated upright or semi-reclined — not fully supine
☐  Adequate lighting confirmed
☐  All instruments laid out before starting
☐  Gauze and post-extraction care instructions ready
☐  Bleeding history checked — anticoagulants or clotting disorders noted
01
Luxate with the Elevator
Before applying forceps, use a straight elevator placed in the periodontal ligament space between the tooth and bone to luxate (loosen) the tooth. Insert the elevator with the concave side facing the tooth and apply controlled rotational pressure, using the adjacent alveolar bone — never the adjacent tooth — as a fulcrum. Work the elevator around the tooth, increasing mobility. A well-luxated tooth requires significantly less force to remove with forceps and dramatically reduces the risk of fracture.
02
Apply Forceps Correctly
Forceps beaks must engage the root, not the crown — push them apically as far as possible before applying pressure. The beaks should be parallel to the long axis of the tooth. Incorrect placement at the crown level causes crown fracture and a retained root, which is a significantly worse problem. Confirm seating before applying extraction force.
03
Controlled Extraction Movement
Apply firm, controlled pressure in the direction that expands the socket. For lower single-rooted teeth (incisors, canines): labial and lingual figure-8 motion. For lower molars: primarily buccal pressure — the lingual bone is dense and resistant. For upper teeth: buccal-palatal motion. Move slowly and deliberately. Jerking or twisting before the socket is adequately expanded fractures roots. You should feel progressive mobility with each movement.
04
Delivery
When the tooth is sufficiently mobile, deliver it in the direction of least resistance — usually buccal for most teeth. Examine the extracted tooth: are both roots present on a multi-rooted tooth? Is the root complete? A fractured root tip left in the socket requires retrieval if accessible — a retained infected root tip will not heal and will abscess.
05
Socket Management
Irrigate the socket with saline. Compress the buccal and lingual plates gently with your fingers to reduce the expanded bone. Place a gauze pack over the socket and have the patient bite firmly for 30–45 minutes. Do not remove the gauze to check — every removal disturbs clot formation. If bleeding continues after 45 minutes, replace gauze and maintain pressure. A properly formed blood clot in the socket is the foundation of healing — protect it.
TELL THE PATIENT:
— Bite on gauze for 45 minutes. Do not remove it early.
— No spitting, rinsing, or drinking through a straw for 24 hours — displaces clot.
— No smoking for 48 hours minimum — dramatically increases dry socket risk.
— Soft foods only for 48 hours. No food on the extraction side.
— Some bleeding for 12–24 hours is normal. Dark red seeping is normal. Bright red free-flowing is not.
— Begin gentle warm salt water rinses after 24 hours — 3x daily for one week.
— Pain peaks at 6–12 hours, then progressively improves. If pain is increasing after day 3, suspect dry socket or infection.
— Return immediately if: difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, swelling spreading to neck, fever, or uncontrolled bleeding.

Dry socket occurs when the blood clot dislodges or fails to form, exposing bare bone. It presents 3–5 days post-extraction with severe, throbbing pain that radiates to the ear or temple — distinctly worse than expected post-extraction soreness. Visual inspection shows an empty socket with exposed whitish bone rather than a dark blood clot. Treatment: gently irrigate the socket with saline, then pack with iodoform gauze soaked in ZOE or clove oil. Replace packing every 24–48 hours until pain resolves. Dry socket is painful but not dangerous — it resolves with time and local dressing.

MODULE 06  ·  IVORY
Supply Planning
Tiered dental cache from personal carry kit through community clinic level — what to stock at each tier.

Dental supply planning follows the same tiered logic as medical supply planning. Tier 1 is what every individual carries. Tier 2 is the group first aid kit. Tier 3 is the community clinic cache — positioned for extended operations when resupply is unavailable. Document your current inventory in each tier below and note gaps.

TIER 1
Personal Carry — Every Individual
Pocket-sized. Fits in a IFAK or cargo pocket. Covers the most common field dental emergencies for self-care or buddy care.
Dentemp or equivalent pre-mixed temporary cement (2 applications)  ·  Dental mirror (small)  ·  Cotton pellets (10)  ·  Oil of cloves / eugenol for pain relief  ·  2x2 gauze (6 pieces)  ·  Ibuprofen (dental pain management)  ·  Small dental pick or explorer
TIER 2
Group Kit — Designated Dental Responder
Carried by or accessible to the group's designated dental responder. Covers examination, restorations, and basic extractions for the group.
Dental mirror x3  ·  Explorer/probe x2  ·  College pliers  ·  Spoon excavators (small & medium)  ·  Plastic instrument for cement placement  ·  ZOE powder and liquid (full kit)  ·  Mixing pad and spatula  ·  Lidocaine 2% with epi carpules x20  ·  Dental syringes x2  ·  Assorted needles (short and long) x20  ·  Cotton rolls x50  ·  Gauze 2x2 x50  ·  Dental forceps #150 (upper universal) and #151 (lower universal)  ·  Straight elevator #301  ·  Curved elevator  ·  Periosteal elevator  ·  Topical anesthetic gel  ·  Amoxicillin 500mg x42 (one full course x2)  ·  Clindamycin 300mg x21 (one full course)  ·  Ibuprofen 200mg x100  ·  Iodoform gauze packing strips  ·  Tongue depressors x10  ·  Penrose drain strips x4  ·  Small headlamp (dedicated)
TIER 3
Community Clinic Cache — Extended Operations
Positioned for long-term grid-down scenarios. Supports multiple group members over months of operation. Requires a dedicated dental supply cache and trained personnel.
Full instrument kit (duplicates of all Tier 2 instruments)  ·  Surgical forceps (upper and lower molar-specific)  ·  Root tip picks and elevators  ·  Bone file  ·  Surgical curette  ·  Needle drivers x2  ·  Tissue scissors  ·  Resorbable suture 3-0 chromic gut x10  ·  Non-resorbable suture 3-0 silk x10  ·  #15 scalpel blades x20  ·  Scalpel handle  ·  ZOE cement x6 kits  ·  Glass ionomer cement (GC Fuji IX or equivalent) x4 kits  ·  Calcium hydroxide liner (Dycal)  ·  Lidocaine carpules x100  ·  Epinephrine 1mg/mL x6 (anaphylaxis)  ·  Broad-spectrum antibiotics x12 courses  ·  Chlorhexidine 0.12% oral rinse x4 liters  ·  Saline irrigation x2 liters  ·  Dental reference texts (Dickson, SOFMH dental protocols)  ·  Autoclave bags or cold sterilization solution for instrument reprocessing
Where There Is No Dentist — Murray Dickson. The primary field reference. Written for community health workers with no dental training. Practical, clear, and directly applicable. Stock a physical copy in your Tier 3 cache.

Special Operations Forces Medical Handbook — Chapter on dental. Military field dental protocols. Extraction technique, abscess management, anesthesia. Available as a physical reference.

Where There Is No Doctor — Werner. Covers systemic signs of dental infection and when dental disease has become a medical emergency.
MODULE 07  ·  IVORY
Training Log
Track which group members have dental first aid skills and what training they have completed.

More than one person in your group should have basic dental first aid skills. If your primary dental responder is incapacitated, someone else needs to know how to pack a socket, place a temporary restoration, and recognize a spreading infection. Document training by member so you know who can do what.

+ ADD GROUP MEMBER
MODULE 08  ·  IVORY
Treatment Log
Case records — date, patient, tooth, procedure performed, medications, and outcome.

Document every dental procedure. A treatment record protects the patient — if complications arise, you need to know what was done, when, and with what medications. It also builds your group's dental health picture over time. Use callsigns or designations rather than full names if OPSEC is a concern.

+ LOG NEW CASE
OUTPUTS  ·  IVORY
Print Outputs
Field reference cards and supply lists for printing and laminating.

Print these outputs and laminate them for your dental kit. A reference card in your hands is worth more than a perfect module on a dead device.

OUTPUT 1
Extraction Protocol Card

Step-by-step extraction checklist, post-op instructions, and dry socket management. Single laminated card for the dental kit.

OUTPUT 2
Infection Alert Card

Abscess recognition guide, airway threat warning signs, antibiotic dosing quick reference. For group members to recognize when a dental problem has become an emergency.

OUTPUT 3
Supply List

Complete tiered supply list for Tier 1, 2, and 3 caches with your inventory notes. Use for restocking and procurement planning.

OUTPUT 4
Treatment Log

Formatted print output of all logged cases. Suitable for physical filing in your medical records binder.

Data stored locally in browser. Key: ao_ivory_v1  ·  Export JSON before clearing or reinstalling.
🦷
IVORY — DENTAL NOTICE
Read before using this module
For Austere Environments Only

IVORY contains protocols for field dental care including tooth extraction, abscess drainage, local anesthesia, and temporary restorations. This information is intended exclusively for use in prolonged grid-down or austere emergency scenarios where a licensed dentist and modern dental facilities are unavailable. It is not a substitute for professional dental training or licensed dental care.

No Professional Relationship

This module does not constitute dental or medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. No provider-patient relationship is created by its use. The information presented is drawn from field medicine references and is intended for prepared laypeople — not as a substitute for licensed professional care. If professional care is available, seek it.

You Are Responsible

The decisions you make and the actions you take are entirely your own. WATCHMAN, its authors, and its developers accept no liability for outcomes resulting from the application of any information contained in this module.

Operator Acknowledgment
Enter your name or callsign. Your acknowledgment will be recorded with the current date and time.