MODULE 01  ·  VECTOR
Threat Classification
Nuclear, chemical & biological hazard reference library — FM 3-11 • NWSS • Alton
DOCTRINAL REFERENCE — FM 3-11 §1-61 through 1-63: Nuclear weapon effects are qualitatively different from biological or chemical weapon effects. The nature and intensity of detonation effects are determined by weapon type, yield, and physical medium of detonation. Energy releases as blast, thermal radiation, prompt radiation, and electromagnetic pulse.
NUCLEAR
DELIVERY: ICBM / SLBM / CRUISE MISSILE / GRAVITY BOMB / TACTICAL WARHEAD
PRIMARY EFFECTS: BLAST • THERMAL • PROMPT RADIATION • EMP • FALLOUT
Fission Device (Atomic Bomb)
A-Bomb • Fission Weapon • "Little Boy" / "Fat Man" class
MechanismNuclear fission — heavy atom nucleus splits, chain reaction releases energy
Yield range1 kiloton (tactical) to ~500 kt (strategic)
Hiroshima ref~15 kt of TNT equivalent; 80,000 killed instantly
Energy split50% blast, 35% thermal, 15% nuclear radiation
Fallout riskModerate; higher with surface burst vs. airburst
LETHAL BLAST EMP
Thermonuclear Device (H-Bomb)
Hydrogen Bomb • Fusion Weapon • Three-stage weapon
MechanismFission primary ignites fusion fuel; fission-fusion-fission sequence in fractions of a second
Yield range100 kt to 50+ megatons
Tsar Bomba50 Mt — largest ever tested; 3,800x Hiroshima
Modern statusVirtually all strategic warheads (US, Russia, China, France) are thermonuclear
Fallout riskExtreme; surface burst creates massive fallout plume
LETHAL MASS CASUALTY PERSISTENT FALLOUT
Tactical Nuclear Weapon
TNW • Non-strategic Nuclear Weapon • Battlefield Nuke
Yield rangeSub-kiloton to ~50 kt; designed for battlefield use
DeliveryArtillery shells, short-range missiles, torpedoes, air-delivered bombs
NationsRussia (~2,000 active), USA, potentially China, India, Pakistan, North Korea
Threat noteMost likely first-use nuclear scenario; lower yield but still catastrophic
LETHAL TACTICAL MODERATE FALLOUT
Improvised Nuclear Device
IND • CRBN Improvised Device
Yield range0.01 to ~10 kt; highly variable based on design
Source materialWeapon-grade HEU or Pu-239; requires ~15 kg U-235 or ~5 kg Pu-239 for criticality
Threat actorNation-state or well-resourced non-state actor
DistinctionUnlike dirty bomb (RDD), IND produces actual nuclear yield
LETHAL TERRORISM VECTOR
Burst TypeAltitudePrimary EffectFallout ProductionLikely Target
Air BurstThousands of feet AGLMaximum blast/thermal damage radius; reflects off ground increasing destructive powerMinimal — most fallout dissipates at altitudeCities; large population centers; maximize casualties
Surface BurstAt or near ground levelCratering; massive quantities of earth/debris irradiated and loftedExtreme — produces dense local and downwind fallout fieldHardened silos; command bunkers; bridges; dams
Sub-Surface BurstBelow groundCratering; seismic effect; strong ground shockExtreme — nearly all fallout deposited locallyDeep hardened bunkers; underground facilities
High Altitude Burst (HEMP)30+ miles (50+ km)Minimal blast/thermal at surface; massive EMP covering continental scaleNegligible surface falloutElectronic infrastructure; power grid; communications; GPS
Underwater BurstBelow water surfaceHighly radioactive base surge; contaminated water columnHigh — radiological contamination of waterNaval targets; port facilities
Source: Kobler & Dutra, Nuclear War Survival: A One Hour Crash Course (2022). Adjust proportionally for smaller yields. A 100-kt weapon produces effects at roughly 1/3 these distances.
1-Megaton Surface Burst — Effect Radius Table
ZONE 1Fireball — r:4,000 ftEverything vaporized. Core temp 100 million °C. Not survivable.
ZONE 2Severe blast — r:1.7 mi20 PSI overpressure. Heavy concrete demolished. Fatal to exposed personnel.
ZONE 3Moderate blast — r:2.8 mi5 PSI overpressure. Wood frame homes collapse. Extreme injury from debris.
ZONE 4Thermal/burn — r:7.5 mi1st-3rd degree burns. All combustibles ignite. Firestorm possible.
ZONE 5Blast wave — r:7.5 miGlass shatters. Blast wave at 784 mph; 158 mph winds at 3.7 mi radius.
ZONE 6Flash blindness — r:13 mi (day)Flash blindness — day. Up to 53 miles at night. Do not look at flash.
ZONE 7Fallout plume — up to 238 miLethal fallout downwind (15 mph wind). 25 mi downwind: 600 rad if unsheltered within 25 min.
HEMP THREAT: A single thermonuclear weapon detonated at 30+ miles altitude above the continental US center could generate an EMP field covering the entire lower 48 states. EMP creates thousands of volts in connected systems vs. thousandths of a volt for radio signals. Most lightning protection does NOT guard against EMP.
ComponentEffectMitigation
Power grid / long linesInduced surge causes transformer destruction; extended outage possibleFaraday enclosures; surge protectors (limited); unplug during attack
Vehicle electronicsPost-1980 vehicles may be disabled; older vehicles (pre-computer) more resilientKeep older backup vehicle; avoid driving during/after nuclear detonation
CommunicationsRadios, cell towers, repeaters damaged; may permanently disable ham infrastructureEMP-shielded gear in Faraday cage; keep spare HT in metal ammo can lined with foam
Medical devicesPacemakers, insulin pumps, implanted electronics at riskNo reliable mitigation; medical contingency planning required
Human bodyMinimal direct risk to unshielded human body from EMP aloneN/A — not a direct physiological threat
DOCTRINAL REFERENCE — FM 3-11 §1-47 through 1-50: Chemical warfare agents are designed to kill or severely incapacitate personnel. Classified by physiological action: nerve, blood, blister, choking, and incapacitating agents. May be persistent (hours+) or non-persistent (minutes).
CHEMICAL
DELIVERY: ARTILLERY • MISSILES • AIRCRAFT SPRAY • IMPROVISED DEVICE • TIC RELEASE
STATE: VAPOR • LIQUID • AEROSOL • SOLID
Sarin
GB • NATO code GB • Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate
MechanismOrganophosphate; inhibits acetylcholinesterase; acetylcholine accumulates at nerve synapses
Physical stateColorless liquid; low boiling point; evaporates quickly
OnsetSeconds to minutes (vapor exposure); minutes to hours (skin contact)
SignsSLUDGE: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI distress, Emesis; also miosis (pin-point pupils), seizures, respiratory failure
PersistenceNon-persistent — dissipates within minutes to hours
TreatmentAtropine + 2-PAM (pralidoxime); decon with copious water
LETHAL NON-PERSISTENT VAPOR HAZARD
Soman
GD • Pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate
MechanismSame as Sarin; also "ages" rapidly — antidote must be given within 2 minutes of exposure
Physical stateColorless liquid; slightly fruity odor
Key differenceFastest aging nerve agent; severely limits treatment window
SignsSame SLUDGE pattern; miosis; seizures; apnea
TreatmentAtropine immediately; 2-PAM largely ineffective after aging occurs
LETHAL RAPID AGING NON-PERSISTENT
VX
V-Agent • O-Ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate
MechanismOrganophosphate; acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; primary skin absorption hazard
Physical stateOily, amber-colored liquid; low volatility
OnsetMinutes to hours; skin route slower but highly effective
Key differenceMost persistent nerve agent; remains on surfaces/terrain for days to weeks
Lethal dose~10 mg skin contact lethal to 50% of exposed (LD50)
TreatmentAtropine + 2-PAM; DECON critical — remove all clothing, flush with water/bleach
LETHAL PERSISTENT SKIN HAZARD
Novichok (4th Gen)
A-230 / A-232 / A-234 class • Nontraditional Agent
MechanismPotent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; more potent than VX by estimated 5-10x
OriginSoviet/Russian development; outside Chemical Weapons Convention schedules
Key noteFM 3-11 §1-50: nontraditional agents present unique challenges to CBRN defense; may defeat existing antidotes
Use historyUsed by Russia for targeted assassinations (Skripal, UK 2018; Navalny, 2020)
LETHAL 4TH GEN TREATMENT UNCERTAIN
Sulfur Mustard
HD • Mustard Gas • Yperite • Yellow Cross
MechanismAlkylating agent; damages DNA; destroys skin, eyes, mucous membranes
Physical stateOily liquid; slight garlic/mustard odor; may appear yellow-brown
OnsetDelayed 2-24 hours; no immediate pain — exposure may not be detected
SignsLarge fluid-filled blisters on skin; eye inflammation/blindness; airway damage; bone marrow suppression
PersistenceHighly persistent in cold weather; days to weeks in soil/structures
TreatmentNo antidote; immediate decon; treat like burn injury; supportive care
Combat useWWI Germany; Iraq vs. Iran and Kurds (1980s); Syria (2015-2018)
INCAPACITATING PERSISTENT NO ANTIDOTE
Lewisite
L • 2-Chlorovinyldichloroarsine
MechanismArsenical vesicant; inhibits cellular enzymes; immediate pain on contact
Physical stateOily liquid; geranium-like odor
Key difference vs. mustardImmediate burning sensation on contact (vs. mustard's delayed onset); faster acting
SignsImmediate eye/skin pain; blistering; airway irritation; systemic arsenic toxicity
TreatmentBritish Anti-Lewisite (BAL/dimercaprol) is antidote; immediate decon
INCAPACITATING ANTIDOTE EXISTS IMMEDIATE SYMPTOMS
Hydrogen Cyanide
AC • HCN • Prussic Acid • Zyklon B precursor
MechanismInhibits cytochrome oxidase; cells cannot use oxygen; causes rapid cellular asphyxiation
Physical stateGas; faint bitter almond odor (not detectable by ~40% of population)
OnsetSeconds to minutes
SignsRapid breathing, dizziness, headache, bright red venous blood, seizures, rapid death at high dose
PersistenceNon-persistent; disperses rapidly
TreatmentAmyl nitrite inhalant; sodium nitrite + sodium thiosulfate IV; hydroxocobalamin
LETHAL NON-PERSISTENT ANTIDOTE EXISTS
Phosgene
CG • Carbonyl Dichloride • Mustard Gas of WWI choking agents
MechanismReacts with lung tissue; destroys alveolar-capillary membrane; pulmonary edema
Physical stateColorless gas; fresh cut hay / green corn odor
OnsetDelayed 2-24 hours; initial symptoms mild — "delayed lethality" is primary danger
SignsMild irritation initially; delayed pulmonary edema; frothy sputum; cyanosis; death by asphyxia
Historical noteCaused ~80% of chemical warfare deaths in WWI
TreatmentNo antidote; strict rest (exertion worsens); supportive care; supplemental O2
LETHAL DELAYED LETHALITY NO ANTIDOTE
FM 3-11 §1-48: TICs are any chemicals developed, manufactured, used, transported, or stored by industrial, agricultural, medical, or commercial processes which could pose a hazard. Chlorine, ammonia, and hydrogen fluoride represent common TIC threats near industrial corridors. Risk of TIC weaponization depends on severity of effects and probability of obtaining and releasing dangerous quantities.
AgentPrimary HazardSigns/SymptomsImmediate Action
ChlorineChoking; pulmonary damageBurning eyes/throat; coughing; choking; yellow-green cloud; bleach odorEvacuate upwind; shelter in place above grade; flush eyes/skin with water
AmmoniaCorrosive; respiratoryIntense nasal/throat irritation; coughing; pungent odor; pulmonary edema at high doseEvacuate; flush with water; do NOT induce vomiting if ingested
Hydrogen FluorideCorrosive; systemic fluoride toxicitySevere burns not initially painful; systemic hypocalcemia; cardiac arrhythmiaCalcium gluconate gel to affected area; immediate medical care
Chlorine TrifluorideExtreme oxidizer; fire riskSevere burns; ignites most materials spontaneously; extremely hazardousFull PPE; avoid water; evacuate immediately
DOCTRINAL REFERENCE — FM 3-11 §1-51 through 1-55: Biological hazards include pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi) and toxins. Key tactical advantages: clandestine employment, delayed onset, detection difficulty, potential communicability. Small doses can produce lethal or incapacitating effects over extensive areas.
BIOLOGICAL
DELIVERY: AEROSOL • VECTOR (INSECTS) • CONTAMINATED FOOD/WATER • DIRECT CONTACT
PATHOGEN TYPES: BACTERIAL • VIRAL • FUNGAL • TOXIN
Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis • Inhalation / Cutaneous / GI forms
TypeBacterial (spore-forming); spores survive decades in soil
TransmissionNOT person-to-person; inhalation (weaponized aerosol), skin contact, ingestion
Incubation1-5 days (inhalation); up to 60 days possible
Signs (inhaled)Initial: flu-like; then severe respiratory distress, mediastinal widening on X-ray, septic shock; ~80% fatal if untreated
TreatmentCiprofloxacin, Doxycycline, Amoxicillin; antitoxin if available; vaccine prophylaxis
WeaponizationUsed in 2001 US mail attacks; Soviet Sverdlovsk accident (1979); requires specialized production
LETHAL NON-CONTAGIOUS TREATABLE
Smallpox
Variola major • Variola minor
TypeViral (orthopoxvirus); eradicated in wild 1980; stockpiles in US/Russia only (officially)
TransmissionHighly contagious person-to-person; respiratory droplets; direct contact with lesions
Incubation7-17 days (average 12)
SignsHigh fever; then synchronous deep pustular rash (ALL blisters same stage — unlike chickenpox); concentrated on face/extremities
Fatality30% unvaccinated (Variola major); up to 90% in isolated/unvaccinated populations historically
TreatmentNo reliable curative treatment; Tecovirimat (TPOXX) antivirals; vaccine effective pre-exposure or within 4 days of exposure
Key noteMost of US population unvaccinated since 1972; FEMA maintains national stockpile
LETHAL HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS VACCINE AVAILABLE
Pneumonic Plague
Yersinia pestis • Black Death • Pneumonic form
TypeBacterial; pneumonic form (lung infection) most dangerous weaponized variant
TransmissionHighly contagious person-to-person via respiratory droplets (pneumonic form)
Incubation1-3 days
SignsRapid onset fever, weakness, shortness of breath, bloody cough, pneumonia; death in 2-4 days untreated; NO buboes (groin/armpit swellings) unlike bubonic form
TreatmentDoxycycline, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, IV Gentamycin; oxygen support; strict respiratory isolation
LETHAL CONTAGIOUS TREATABLE
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
VHF • Ebola / Marburg / Lassa / Crimean-Congo class
TypeViral; multiple families (Filoviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae)
TransmissionDirect contact with bodily fluids; some via respiratory route; high infectivity at low dose
Incubation2-21 days depending on agent
SignsFever, diarrhea, weakness progressing to hemorrhage — bleeding from eyes, ears, nose, mouth, rectum; subcutaneous bruising; multi-organ failure
FatalityEbola: up to 90% untreated; Lassa: ~1% in endemic area (most asymptomatic); weaponized aerosol increases risk
TreatmentSupportive care; experimental antivirals (remdesivir, ZMapp for Ebola); strict contact/droplet precautions; full PPE
LETHAL CONTAGIOUS (fluids) LIMITED TREATMENT
Botulinum Toxin
Type A-G • Most potent toxin known • Clostridium botulinum byproduct
MechanismBlocks neuromuscular junction; prevents acetylcholine release; descending flaccid paralysis
Onset12-36 hours (food); 12-24 hours (inhaled aerosol)
SignsDescending paralysis: double vision, slurred speech, dysphagia, then respiratory failure; afebrile; alert
CommunicableNOT person-to-person (toxin only, not live bacteria)
TreatmentHeptavalent antitoxin (HBAT); mechanical ventilation; supportive care; no antibiotics helpful once toxin released
LETHAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DELAYED ONSET
Ricin
Castor bean toxin • Ricinus communis extract
MechanismInhibits protein synthesis; inactivates ribosomes; causes cell death
RoutesInjection (most lethal); inhalation; ingestion (less effective due to GI absorption barriers)
Lethal dose~3 mg inhaled lethal to average adult; 1 castor bean potentially fatal to child if chewed
SignsInhaled: respiratory distress 4-8 hrs; pulmonary edema, fever, shock; Ingested: nausea, vomiting, internal bleeding
TreatmentNo antidote; supportive care only; decon with soap/water
LETHAL NO ANTIDOTE READILY PRODUCED
IndicatorNatural OutbreakDeliberate Attack
Case clusteringGeographic spread over time; follows epidemiological curveSimultaneous onset in multiple geographic areas; explosion of cases
Agent typeEndemic agents; seasonal patternsUnusual agent for region; eradicated pathogen (smallpox); unusual route
Population affectedAffects vulnerable populations first (elderly, immunocompromised)All demographics affected equally; healthy young adults as casualties
Animal involvementZoonotic diseases show concurrent animal die-offHumans only; or deliberate animal contamination to mask attack
Downwind patternNo consistent directional spreadCases follow prevailing wind; aligned with release point
Antibiotic resistanceNormal resistance patternsMay show engineered resistance; unusual drug resistance profile
DOCTRINAL REFERENCE — FM 3-11 §1-56 through 1-60: Radiological hazards include any source of nuclear radiation that produces ions causing damage, injury, or destruction. Radiological dispersal devices (RDD) and radiological exposure devices (RED) are the primary non-nuclear radiological weapon types.
RADIOLOGICAL
DEVICE TYPES: RDD (DIRTY BOMB) • RED (EXPOSURE DEVICE) • INDUSTRIAL SOURCE RELEASE
PRIMARY EFFECT: CONTAMINATION • DENIAL • PANIC • LONG-TERM CANCER RISK
Radiological Dispersal Device
RDD • Dirty Bomb • Improvised Radiological Device
MechanismConventional explosive disperses radioactive material over wide area; contamination rather than nuclear yield
Primary effectContamination of area; economic disruption; psychological terror; long-term cancer risk
Immediate riskConventional blast casualties nearest device; radiation exposure secondary concern in most scenarios
Source materialsMedical/industrial sources: Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, Iridium-192, Strontium-90
FM 3-11 noteAvoidance is most effective individual protective measure; disperse from area upwind
CONTAMINATION AREA DENIAL ACCESSIBLE MATERIALS
Radiological Exposure Device
RED • Hidden Source Device
MechanismPenetrating radiation source placed/buried to silently irradiate targets over time; no explosion
Primary effectCovert cumulative dose; may go undetected until symptoms develop; targeted assassination or area denial
DetectionRequires radiation monitoring equipment; may have no visible indicator
Historical useAlexander Litvinenko (Polonium-210, 2006); Georgi Markov (radioactive pellet, 1978)
COVERT CUMULATIVE DOSE
Penetration capability determines what shielding is required. Internal contamination (inhalation, ingestion) is the primary danger for alpha and beta emitters. External exposure is the primary danger for gamma and neutron emitters.
TypeChargeRange in AirShielded ByPrimary HazardDetection
Alpha (α)Positive (+2)1-3 inchesSheet of paper; skin; clothesInternal — inhalation/ingestion; extremely damaging inside body to adjacent cellsAlpha counter at close range; not detected through most materials
Beta (β)Negative (-1)Up to 30 feetAluminum; plastic; heavy clothingExternal (skin/eyes) and Internal; more penetrating than alpha but less organ damage per eventGeiger-Mueller detector
Gamma (γ)None (photon)Hundreds of metersDense materials: lead, concrete, thick earth; no defined max rangeExternal whole-body; most dangerous external radiation; penetrates most shieldingGeiger counter; dosimeter
Neutron (n)NoneThousands of feetHydrogenated materials: water, polyethylene, concreteExternal; activates non-radioactive materials into radioactive; secondary contamination sourceSpecialized neutron detectors
X-RayNone (photon)Large distancesLead; steel; concreteExternal; lower energy than gamma; significant in HEMP/nuclear detonationDosimeter; film badge
Halving thickness = amount of material that reduces gamma exposure by 50%. Multiply: 2 halving thicknesses = 1/4 exposure; 3 = 1/8; 10 = 1/1024 (~0.1%). Stacking different materials multiplies protection.
MaterialHalving Thickness10x HVL = 1/1024 exposureNotes
Lead0.4 in (1 cm)4 inches (10 cm)Best per weight; impractical for large shelter construction
Steel1 in (2.5 cm)10 inches (25 cm)Good for doors, safe room walls
Concrete2.4 in (6 cm)24 inches (60 cm)Primary shelter material; basement walls provide significant protection
Packed Soil / Earth3.6 in (9 cm)36 inches (90 cm)Best available material for improvised shelters; earthen berms
Water7.2 in (18 cm)72 inches (6 ft)Good for supplemental shielding; water-filled containers alongside walls
Wood11 in (28 cm)110 inches (~9 ft)Minimal protection alone; useful only in large mass
THREE PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION PROTECTION (Alton, Kearny): (1) TIME — Limit unprotected exposure; radiation absorbed is proportional to time exposed. (2) DISTANCE — Radiation disperses over distance; double the distance, reduce exposure significantly. (3) SHIELDING — Dense mass between you and the source reduces exposure exponentially.
Units: 1 Gray (Gy) = 100 rads. Lethal dose (LD50/60) for humans is approximately 4-5 Gy (400-500 rads) without medical treatment. Dose rate matters as much as cumulative dose — the body can recover from low doses received slowly.
Dose (Rad / Gy)SyndromeOnsetSymptomsSurvival w/o Treatment
<25 rad / 0.25 GySubclinicalNoneNo symptoms; minor blood changes possible; long-term cancer risk slightly elevatedNormal
75-125 rad / 0.75-1.25 GyMild ARSHoursMild nausea, vomiting, fatigue; resolves in days; temporary blood count reduction~100%
200-350 rad / 2-3.5 GyModerate ARS2-6 hrsNausea/vomiting, hair loss beginning ~2 wks, infection risk, bleeding tendency; latent period then illness~80-95%
400-500 rad / 4-5 GySevere ARS (LD50)1-2 hrsSevere symptoms; bone marrow failure; hemorrhage; sepsis; 50% die without treatment~50% (LD50)
600-800 rad / 6-8 GyVery Severe ARS<1 hrProfound bone marrow failure; severe GI damage; hemorrhage; sepsis; survival unlikely without advanced care~5-20%
>1000 rad / 10+ GyCNS SyndromeMinutesImmediate incapacitation; seizures; CV collapse; ataxia; death within 1-3 days0%
PhaseTimingSigns & SymptomsAction
Prodromal (Initial)Minutes to hoursNausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite; severity indicates dose receivedDocument onset time; seek shelter; assess dose if dosimeter available
LatentHours to weeksApparent recovery; patient may feel well; bone marrow being destroyed silentlyDo not assume recovery; continue monitoring; maintain hydration and hygiene
Manifest Illness1-4 weeksHair loss; fever; infection (immune collapse); bleeding (platelet depletion); diarrhea; may be fatalAntibiotics for infection; fluids; anti-nausea meds (Ondansetron); wound care; isolation from further exposure
Recovery or DeathWeeks to monthsSurvivors begin recovery if dose sub-lethal; partial immune reconstitution; may take 6+ monthsContinued supportive care; avoid re-exposure; nutritional support
KI PROTECTS ONLY the thyroid gland from radioactive iodine (I-131) in fallout. It does NOT protect against other radiation types. Must be taken BEFORE or within hours of exposure for maximum effect.
Age GroupKI Dose (130mg tablet)TimingDurationNotes
Adults >18 yrs130 mg (1 full tablet)30 min to 24 hrs prior to exposureOnce daily for 7-10 daysHighest priority: pregnant women and lactating mothers
Children 3-18 yrs (<150 lbs)65 mg (1/2 tablet)SameSameChildren most at risk for thyroid cancer; treat first if supply limited
Toddlers 1 month to 3 yrs32 mg (1/4 tablet)SameSameCrush and mix with food/liquid
Infants <1 month16 mg (1/8 tablet)SameSameExtreme care; use only if imminent exposure
Large dogs (>50 lbs)65 mgSameSameAlton recommendation; not FDA-approved
Small dogs / cats32 mgSameSameCrush into food

BETADINE ALTERNATIVE (Alton): 2% Povidone-Iodine (Betadine) painted on abdomen or forearm 2-12 hours prior to exposure and re-applied daily provides some thyroid protection. Adults: 8 ml. Children 3+ (<150 lbs): 4 ml. Toddlers: 2 ml. Infants: 1 ml. Do NOT ingest Betadine. Discontinue after 3 days or when I-131 levels drop. Seafood-allergic individuals may be iodine-allergic.

RULE OF 7s (Kobler/Dutra, Kearny): For every sevenfold increase in time after detonation, radiation intensity decreases by a factor of 10. Example: Dose rate at H+1 = 1,000 r/hr; at H+7 = 100 r/hr; at H+49 = 10 r/hr; at H+343 = 1 r/hr. After 48 hours, intensity has fallen to ~1% of initial. After 2 weeks, 1/1,000th. After 14 weeks, 1/10,000th.
Time After DetonationRelative Radiation LevelApproximate Dose Rate (1 MT surface burst, 1 mi from center)Shelter Action
H+1 hour100% (reference)1,000-10,000+ r/hr at heavy fallout zoneREMAIN SHELTERED — lethal within minutes to hours
H+7 hours10%100-1,000 r/hr in heavy fallout zoneREMAIN SHELTERED
H+24 hours (1 day)~2%Still dangerous in heavy fallout zoneSHELTERED — brief forays only with dosimetry
H+48 hours (2 days)~1%Decreasing; dependent on initial dose and local contaminationMINIMUM SHELTER PERIOD — consider exit only if necessary
H+2 weeks (14 days)0.1%1/1,000th of initial; generally manageable with PPE for short exposuresCAUTIOUS EGRESS POSSIBLE — field monitor required
H+14 weeks0.01%1/10,000th of initialMOST SHORT-LIVED ISOTOPES DECAYED
Source: Kobler & Dutra (2022). Based on 50% fission, 15 mph wind. Wind speed and direction are the primary variables. Check WINDFINDER.COM for local prevailing winds. Assess NUKEMAP.COM for scenario-specific estimates.
Dose Rate ContourDownwind ExtentCross-Wind WidthApproximate AreaLethality
1,000 r/hr37 miles2.4 miles211 sq miLethal within 30-60 min unsheltered
100 r/hr104 miles21 miles2,963 sq miLethal within hours to days unsheltered
10 r/hr171 miles39 miles8,817 sq miSerious illness; dangerous cumulative dose over days
1 r/hr238 miles58 miles17,765 sq miElevated cancer risk over time; shelter-in-place advisable
ScenarioTime WindowAction Required
Ground burst visible / detonation confirmed0-15 minutesImmediately shelter in best available structure; maximize mass overhead and on all sides
Fallout arrival (25 miles downwind)~25 minutesMust be sheltered BEFORE fallout arrives; unsheltered at 25 min = 600 rad cumulative dose (lethal)
KI administrationBefore or within 4 hoursTake KI immediately upon detonation confirmation; maximum effectiveness within 30 min to 24 hrs prior
Minimum shelter duration48 hoursRadiation drops to ~1% of initial after 48 hrs; remain sheltered unless evacuation mandatory
Optimal shelter duration7 daysAfter 7 days, most short-lived isotopes decayed; safe to conduct brief forays with dosimetry
Long-lived isotopes (Cs-137, Sr-90)30-year half-lifePersistent soil contamination; avoid ingesting local produce from contaminated zones; water testing required

Fallout can look like sand, fine dust, or ash — often indistinguishable from ordinary dirt. It may appear luminous at high concentrations due to radiation-induced ionization. It has no distinctive smell. The ONLY way to reliably detect it is with a radiation monitor (Geiger counter / dosimeter). A dosimeter tells you cumulative dose received; a Geiger counter gives real-time dose rate. Both are recommended for shelter kit.

MODULE 02  ·  VECTOR
Shelter Assessment
Protection Factor calculation • Improvement recommendations • Kearny / Alton methodology
Best Shelter:
NO SHELTERS ASSESSED YET
METHODOLOGY (Kearny NWSS / Alton): Protection Factor (PF) = outside radiation divided by inside radiation. PF 10 means you receive 1/10th of outside dose. Calculated from wall/roof mass using halving-thickness, below-grade depth, interior room position, and seal quality. FEMA recommends minimum PF 10; serious fallout shelter requires PF 40+; expedient earth shelter achieves PF 100-1000.
+ ADD SHELTER ASSESSMENT
MODULE 03  ·  VECTOR
KI & Medical Supplies
NBC supply inventory • Deficit tracking • Alton / Kobler / FM 3-11 recommended quantities
LOADING…
INSTRUCTIONS: Edit On Hand quantities and expiration dates to reflect your actual inventory. The module tracks deficit vs. recommended quantities per Alton, Kobler/Dutra, and FM 3-11 doctrine. Red = critical deficit (<25%). Amber = low (<75%). Green = adequate. Gray = not applicable / not tracked.
MODULE 04  ·  VECTOR
Response Protocols
Action sequences for NBC events • FM 3-11 • Kearny • Kobler/Dutra • Alton
MODULE 05  ·  VECTOR
Decontamination
Procedures • Decon event log • FM 3-11 • Kearny • Alton • Lundin
MODULE 06  ·  VECTOR
EMP / Infrastructure Intel
Infrastructure items pushed from Area Intel Map for EMP/GMD threat assessment.
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MODULE 07  ·  VECTOR
Chemical Hazard Sites
EPA TRI • RCRA • RMP facilities — pushed from Area Intel Map
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OUTPUTS  ·  VECTOR
Generate Documents
Print-ready NBC reference outputs from your VECTOR data.
COMPLETE PACKAGE
☰ NBC Field Binder — Print Everything

Generates one continuous document with a cover sheet and every section below, each starting on its own page. Print double-sided, hole-punch, and drop into a 3-ring binder. This is the single button to build your complete NBC reference binder.

OR PRINT INDIVIDUAL SECTIONS
SECTION 1
Shelter Assessment Report

Every shelter you assessed in Module 02 with its Protection Factor, rating, construction details, and improvement recommendations. Best-shelter summary on top.

SECTION 2
Supply Inventory & Deficit

Module 03 KI & medical inventory by category: on-hand vs. recommended, percent stocked, status, and expiration flags. Readiness summary at the top.

SECTION 3
Response Protocol Cards

All four Module 04 action sequences (Nuclear, Chemical, Biological, Radiological) as printable checklists with urgency bands and doctrine notes. Post at the watch station.

SECTION 4
Decon Procedures & Log

Module 05 decontamination procedures (personnel, food/water, equipment, waste) plus your recorded decon event log as a printed table.

SECTION 5
KI Dosing Card

Wallet-sized potassium iodide dosing reference by age group, with administration timing and warnings. Print, laminate, tape inside the medical kit.

SECTION 6
NBC Threat Quick Reference

One-page condensed reference: nuclear effects, the Rule of 7s decay table, chemical agent classes, biological agents, and radiation dose effects.

Key: ao_vector_v1  ·  Export before clearing.
HELP  ·  VECTOR
User Manual
Plain-language guide to every screen. Hover any acronym for its meaning.
WATCHMAN:VECTOR
NBC & FALLOUT PLANNING  ·  MODULE 23

User Manual

Plain-language guide. No NBC experience needed.
If you can fill out a form, you can run VECTOR. Read this once, print it, and keep it in the binder with your printed reference sheets.

VECTOR is the NBC and fallout planning tool inside the WATCHMAN Suite. It does two jobs. First, it is a reference library: it explains nuclear, chemical, biological, and radiological threats and the actions that keep people alive. Second, it is a planning workbook: you rate your shelters, track your protective and medical supplies, work through response checklists, and log decontamination events. Everything you type stays on this one device. Nothing is sent anywhere.

READ THIS FIRSTVECTOR is a planning and reference aid, not medical or emergency advice for a live event. Doses, antidotes, and procedures shown here follow published doctrine (FM 3-11, Kearny's Nuclear War Survival Skills, Alton's medical references, Kobler/Dutra). In a real event, follow official guidance and a qualified provider when one is available.
CONTENTS

What's in here

SECTION 1

What VECTOR is for

A nuclear, chemical, or biological event is rare, fast, and unforgiving. The people who do well are the ones who decided what to do before it happened: where to shelter, what supplies to keep, and the exact order of actions in the first hour. VECTOR is where you make those decisions and write them down while you have time to think clearly.

You do not need to memorize anything. You work through the modules once during calm times, print the results, and put the paper in your binder. The screen is for planning. The paper is for the event, when the power may be out and the screen may be dark.

THE BIG IDEAPlan on the screen during calm. Print it. Act from the paper during the event.
SECTION 2

What's on your screen

The window has three parts: a top bar, a list of modules down the left, and the working area in the middle. Here is the layout.

WATCHMAN VECTOR COMMAND SUITE A — TOP BAR: brand, COMMAND SUITE (home), gear (settings) [NBC] MODULES 01 THREAT CLASS 02 SHELTER 03 KI / MEDICAL 04 PROTOCOLS 05 DECON 06 EMP / INFRA 07 CHEM SITES OUTPUTS ■ GENERATE DOCS HELP ? USER MANUAL MODULE 02 · VECTOR SHELTER ASSESSMENT B — MODULE LIST (click to switch) C — WORKING AREA (the screen you are using)
The VECTOR window: top bar (A), module list (B), working area (C)
  • A — Top bar. COMMAND SUITE returns to the WATCHMAN home menu. The gear (⚙) opens Settings, where you can switch between dark and light color modes.
  • B — Module list. Click any item to open it. The active one is highlighted green. The numbers (06, 07) show a small badge when the Area Intel Map has pushed items to them.
  • C — Working area. This is where you read reference material or fill in your plan. It scrolls.
SAVINGVECTOR saves automatically a moment after you type. Buttons marked ✓ SAVE also save instantly and flash a confirmation. You never have to worry about losing work between sessions on the same device.
SECTION 3

Your first 15 minutes

Do these five things in order the first time you open VECTOR. You will end up with a real plan and a printed binder.

  1. Skim Module 01. Open Threat Classification and read the tabs at your own pace. You are building a mental map of the threats, not memorizing them.
  2. Rate your shelters. In Module 02, add each place you might shelter and answer the simple questions. VECTOR calculates a Protection Factor and tells you how to improve each one.
  3. Inventory your supplies. In Module 03, type your on-hand counts next to the recommended quantities. Red items are your shopping list.
  4. Read the protocols. In Module 04, read the Nuclear and Chemical action sequences so the first-hour steps are familiar.
  5. Print the binder. Go to Generate Docs and click PRINT COMPLETE BINDER. Hole-punch it and you are done.
MODULE 01

Threat Classification

This is the reference library. It has six tabs across the top: Nuclear, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Radiation Physics, and Fallout & Decay. Nothing here is filled in by you; it is built-in knowledge you read and refer back to.

  • Nuclear covers weapon types, the four effects (blast, thermal, prompt radiation, EMP), and blast-ring distances.
  • Chemical covers nerve, blister, blood, and choking agents with their signs and first actions.
  • Biological covers the agents most relevant to planning, such as anthrax and plague, and how they spread.
  • Radiological covers the RDD (dirty bomb) and contamination without a nuclear blast.
  • Radiation Physics and Fallout & Decay explain dose units and the Rule of 7s, which governs how fast fallout becomes survivable.
HOW TO USE ITRead it once now so the words are not new during an event. You do not need to retain the numbers; that is what the printed Threat Quick Reference is for.
MODULE 02

Shelter Assessment

This module answers one question for each place you could hide: how much does it cut your radiation dose? That number is the Protection Factor (PF). A PF of 10 means inside you receive one tenth of the outside dose. A PF of 40 is a serious fallout shelter. An earth-covered shelter can reach several hundred.

Adding a shelter

  1. Click + ADD SHELTER ASSESSMENT. A card opens.
  2. Give it a name (for example "Basement" or "Interior bathroom").
  3. Pick the wall and roof material and their thickness, how far below ground it is, whether it is an interior room, and how well it seals. Count the windows and doors.
  4. VECTOR instantly shows the Protection Factor, a plain-language rating, and a list of improvements.

The Best Shelter bar at the top always shows your highest-rated location, so you know where to send people first.

IMPROVING A SHELTERThe recommendations are specific and cheap to act on: add mass overhead, move to a more central room, reduce window exposure, improve the seal. Mass and depth matter far more than anything else.
MODULE 03

KI & Medical Supplies

This is your NBC supply checklist. It comes pre-loaded with recommended quantities for a group, grouped into categories: potassium iodide, radiation treatment, decontamination supplies, radiation PPE, chemical/biological PPE, medications and antidotes, and detection equipment.

Using it

  • Type your real On Hand count in each row. The status dot and percent update as you type.
  • Red means a critical shortfall (under 25 percent), amber means low, green means adequate.
  • For items with a shelf life, set the Expiration month. Items expiring within six months turn red so you can rotate them.
  • The Rec'd column is editable too; adjust it to your group size.
  • + CUSTOM ITEM adds anything not on the list. ↻ DEFAULTS restores the recommended quantities without touching your on-hand counts.

The summary bar across the top gives you an at-a-glance readiness percentage, your critical/low/adequate counts, KI stock level, and whether you have a working radiation monitor.

PRESCRIPTION ITEMSAtropine, 2-PAM, and several antibiotics are prescription medications. Acquire and use them only under a qualified provider. VECTOR tracks them so you know your gaps; it does not authorize obtaining them.
MODULE 04

Response Protocols

Four tabs, one per threat type: Nuclear / Fallout, Chemical, Biological, and Radiological. Each is an ordered checklist of actions, grouped by how urgent they are.

  • Urgency bands are color-coded: immediate, within 15 minutes, within the hour, ongoing, and decision points. Do the immediate items first, top to bottom.
  • Each step has a short why line and a doctrine source so you can trust it.
  • Tap the box to check a step off. A progress bar shows how far through the sequence you are. This is most useful during a drill.
  • ␡ RESET ALL clears the checkboxes so you can run the drill again.
PRACTICEWalk your group through the Nuclear and Chemical checklists during a calm evening. The first time should not be the real time. Print the cards (Generate Docs, Section 3) and post them at the shelter.
MODULE 05

Decontamination

Decon means getting the hazard off of people, food, water, equipment, and your shelter. The module has reference procedures on four tabs (Personnel, Food & Water, Equipment & Shelter, Waste Disposal) plus an Event Log.

  • Each procedure expands to numbered steps with safety notes. Click a procedure header to open it.
  • The Event Log records each decon you perform: date/time, type, how many people, the method, and the outcome (clean, partial, or still contaminated). Click + LOG EVENT to add a row.
THE ONE RULESpeed beats thoroughness. A fast decon done now (remove outer clothing, flush with water, move upwind) beats a perfect decon done thirty minutes later. Removing outer clothing alone eliminates roughly 80 percent of contamination.
MODULE 06

EMP / Infrastructure Intel

This is an inbox. When you are working in the Area Intel Map and you push an infrastructure item (a substation, power line, pipeline, and so on) to VECTOR, it lands here for EMP and geomagnetic-disturbance threat assessment. You do not type anything in; items arrive from the map. A badge on the sidebar shows how many are waiting.

If the inbox is empty, that simply means nothing has been pushed yet. Use the VECTOR button on a facility in the Area Intel Map to send one here.

MODULE 07

Chemical Hazard Sites

Another inbox, for fixed chemical hazards near you. When you push a hazmat facility from the Area Intel Map (EPA TRI, RCRA, or RMP), it appears here with its risk level, chemicals on site, distance and bearing from your area, and any worst-case release radius.

GRID-DOWN HAZARDIn a long power outage, plants lose the pumps, scrubbers, and refrigeration that keep dangerous chemicals contained. Note the bearing from each facility to you and cross-reference prevailing wind. The emergency line CHEMTREC (1-800-424-9300) is printed in the module footer.
OUTPUTS

Printing your binder

Open Generate Docs from the sidebar. The big button at the top, PRINT COMPLETE BINDER, builds one continuous document with a cover sheet and every section, each starting on its own page. That is the one to use for your 3-ring binder.

Below it are six individual sections you can print one at a time:

  • Shelter Assessment Report — your Module 02 shelters and their Protection Factors.
  • Supply Inventory & Deficit — your Module 03 inventory with shortfalls flagged.
  • Response Protocol Cards — all four Module 04 checklists for posting.
  • Decon Procedures & Log — the Module 05 procedures plus your event log.
  • KI Dosing Card — a wallet card of potassium iodide doses by age.
  • NBC Threat Quick Reference — a condensed one-page threat sheet.

Each button opens your browser's print dialog. Choose your printer to print, or "Save as PDF" to keep a digital copy. To print this manual itself, use the PRINT / SAVE PDF button at the top of this page.

DATA MANAGEMENTAt the bottom of Generate Docs you can EXPORT your VECTOR data to a backup file, IMPORT it onto another device, or CLEAR everything. Always EXPORT before you CLEAR.
REFERENCE

Glossary of terms

NBCNuclear, Biological, Chemical. The older umbrella term for these threats (newer doctrine adds Radiological and Explosive: CBRN / CBRNE).
CBRNChemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear. The current term for the same family of hazards.
PFProtection Factor. Outside radiation dose divided by inside dose. Higher is better; PF 10 means one tenth of the outside dose reaches you.
KIPotassium Iodide. Saturates the thyroid so it cannot absorb radioactive iodine (I-131) from fallout. Protects the thyroid only, and only against radioiodine.
FalloutRadioactive dust and debris that falls back to earth after a surface nuclear burst. The main threat to people outside the blast zone.
Rule of 7sFallout radiation drops about tenfold for every sevenfold increase in time. At 7 hours it is roughly one tenth of the 1-hour level; at 49 hours, about one hundredth.
EMPElectromagnetic Pulse. A burst of energy from a high-altitude nuclear detonation that can damage unprotected electronics over a very wide area.
ARSAcute Radiation Syndrome. Illness from a large radiation dose in a short time; early signs are nausea and vomiting within hours.
SLUDGESalivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI distress, Emesis. The cluster of nerve-agent poisoning signs.
PPEPersonal Protective Equipment. Masks, suits, gloves, and boot covers that keep the hazard off your body.
RDDRadiological Dispersal Device, a "dirty bomb." Conventional explosive that spreads radioactive material; contamination without a nuclear blast.
RMPRisk Management Plan facility. A site holding enough regulated toxic or flammable material to require a federal worst-case release plan.
DeconDecontamination. Removing the hazard from people, gear, food, water, and surfaces.

Doctrine sources used throughout VECTOR: FM 3-11 (Multi-Service CBRN Operations); Cresson Kearny, Nuclear War Survival Skills; Joseph Alton, medical references; Kobler/Dutra nuclear survival material; Rawles, preparedness references. VECTOR · Module 23 · © 2026 WATCHMAN Suite, LLC.

SECTION 13

Demo sandbox

VECTOR ships with a demo sandbox — a separate copy pre-loaded with a complete worked fallout-and-hazard plan: a below-grade concrete-block shelter (with a frame-wood backup), a full NBC supply list with realistic on-hand counts and a few deliberate warning states (Cipro and the Mark I nerve-agent kits at zero, KI stocked, Zofran expiring), threat checklists for nuclear and nerve-agent scenarios, two decontamination log entries, and two hazard records shown as pushed from the Area Intel Map (a 230 kV substation for EMP exposure and a metal-finishing plant with cyanide and chromic acid). It reads as one coherent plan so you can see how the shelter, supplies, and nearby hazards line up.

Opening and leaving. In the live module, click DEMO in the sidebar under this manual. Inside the demo, that same slot reads RETURN TO LIVE and takes you back. An amber banner across the top of the demo tells you which copy you are in at all times.

Your real data is safe. The demo keeps everything in a completely separate storage slot, including the Area Intel Map hazard inboxes. Nothing you do in the demo can touch your real VECTOR plan, and live map pushes never arrive in the demo.

Resetting. The ↻ RESET DEMO button (top bar and amber banner) discards any changes and restores the sample plan.